Rhogam?

Rhogam. 

What is Rhogam?

• an immunoglobulin which suppresses Anti-D antibody formation in an Rh- mother with possible Rh+ infant. Rhogam decreases the risk of antibody formation from ~12% to ~1%

• We'll refer to the brand name (Rhogam) as its shorter to type than repetitively typing anti-D immunoglobulin

What are we trying to accomplish?

•  Prevention of maternal sensitization and Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN).

• If an Rh- mother is exposed to fetal Rh D antigen she may develop antibodies which will cross the placenta in subsequent pregnancies attack fetal RBC's.

• While there is a spectrum of HFDN, in its most severe case it can lead to hydrops fetalis and fetal death

What are the reccomendations regarding the administration of Rhogam?

• They vary

• ACEP:

  • administer 50mcg of Rhogam to all Rh- women experiencing first trimester loss of established pregnancy

  • level C recommendation to consider administering Rhogam in case of minor abdominal trauma

  • insufficient evidence to recommend for or against its use in treating threatened abortion or ectopic pregnancy

• ACOG

  • All Rh- negative women receiving instrumentation for a miscarriage should receive Rhogam

  • Recommended for-

    • all cases of ectopic pregnancy 

    • Rh- women experiencing antenatal hemorrhage after 20 weeks of gestation

    • Rh- women who experience abdominal trauma

    • Rh- women who experience fetal demise in the 2nd or 3rd trimester

  • Although the risk of alloimmunization is low, the consequence can be significant and administration of Rh D immune globulin should be considered in cases of spontaneous first-trimester miscarriage, especially those that are later in the first trimester.

• Cochrane Review

  • Interesting conclusion:

  • “There are insufficient data available to evaluate the practice of anti-D administration in an unsensitised Rh-negative mother after spontaneous miscarriage. Thus, until high-quality evidence becomes available, the practice of anti-D Immunoglobulin prophylaxis after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rh alloimmunization cannot be generalized and should be based on the standard practice guidelines of each country.”

• Contrast the American reccomendations with those of the NICE Guidelines (United Kingdom)

  • Do not offer Rhogam to women who receive solely medical management for an ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage, have a threatened miscarriage, have a complete miscarriage, or have a pregnancy of unknown location

  • Offer Rhogam to all Rh- women who have a surgical procedure to manage an ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage

Are there any risks of administering Rhogam?

• Typically not. 

• Side effects include fever, headache, injection site pain, and RBC breakdown (minor)

• There have also been cases of allergic reactions, AKI, and viral infection

• RBC breakdown may be significant in those with ITP 

What is the cost of Rhogam

• ~$200 for a treatment

In conclusion.

• Recommendations vary

• We currently are aggressive in how we administer Rhogam

• However side effects are few and the cost is not prohibitively expensive

-Elly

See TamingtheSru.com for more

POTD: Revisiting the Resuscitative Hysterotomy

Formerly known as the perimortem cesarean section, the resuscitative hysterotomy is performed in a pregnant patient of > 20 weeks gestation in cardiac arrest to improve the chances of ROSC.

Forget about the 4-Minute and 5-Minute rule!

• Even in controlled simulations with obstetric teams, timing has been problematic.

• While the procedure should be performed as quickly as possible to improve outcomes, there is generally no contraindication to performing the procedure beyond the 5 minute mark.

• The procedure has benefited pregnant patients up to 15 minutes and fetuses up to 30 minutes after maternal cardiac arrest.

DO’s and DONT’s

• DO assign team roles and prepare all equipment prior to patient arrival

• DO start chest compressions immediately, establish an airway, and get IV access

• DO give fluids

• DO give blood in the setting of trauma

• DO NOT stop to evaluate for fetal cardiac activity or tocometry

• DO NOT prepare a sterile field (but be as clean as possible)

• DO NOT wait for OB/GYN to arrive before starting the procedure

• DO NOT transport the patient to another location

THE PROCEDURE

1. Drench the abdomen in betadine and get ready to cut

2. With a scalpel, make a vertical incision from the xiphoid process down to the pubic symphysis, cutting through the skin, fat, fascia, and peritoneum

3. Avoid cutting the bladder — find it, and retract it

4. Blunt dissect down to the uterus

5. Make a vertical incision in the uterus large enough to fit 2 fingers in

6. Once inside, lift the uterine wall with your fingers

7. Use blunt scissors to divide the uterus between your fingers and extend the incision

8. Deliver the fetus

9. Double clamp the umbilical cord and cut BETWEEN the clamps

10. Deliver the placenta

11. Wipe the endometrial cavity clean with a clean, moist lap pad

12. Pack the uterine cavity with sterile towels

13. Continue resuscitation

WATCH EMCrit VIDEO of a LIVE SIMULATED RESUSCITATIVE HYSTEROTOMY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwDWv2iyAos

SOURCES

1. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine, 9th Edition pp 646-647

2. Rose, C.H. et al, Challenging the 4- to 5-minute Rule: From Perimortem Cesarean to Resuscitative Hysterotomy Obstetric Anesthesia Digest December 2016 - Volume 36 - Issue 4 - p 171

3. WikiEM: Resuscitative Hysterotomy

Trauma in Pregnancy

Resuscitation of the Pregnant Trauma patient

General principles

·      Trauma is the most common cause of non-obstetrical maternal death in the United States

·      Best fetal resuscitation is good maternal resuscitation.

·      Stabilization of the pregnant women is the first priority; then, if the fetus is viable (≥ 23 weeks), fetal heart rate auscultation and fetal monitoring can be initiated and an obstetrical consultation obtained as soon as feasible

·      In Rh-negative pregnant trauma patients, quantification of maternal–fetal hemorrhage by tests such as Kleihauer-Betke should be done to determine the need for additional doses of anti-D immunoglobulin.

·      Tetanus vaccination is safe in pregnancy and should be given when indicated.

Airway

·      Greater risk for difficult intubation than non-pregnant patient

·      Pregnancy related changes à decreased functional residual capacity, reduced respiratory system compliance, increased airway resistance, and increased oxygen requirements

·      Gastric emptying is delayed in pregnancy à greater risk for aspiration

·      Respiratory tract mucosal edema à A smaller size of endotracheal tube is recommended

·      Choice of RSI medications NOT affected by pregnancy status

Breathing

·      Place chest tube one to 2 intercostal spaces higher than usual to account for displacement of the diaphragm during pregnancy

·      Marked increases in basal oxygen consumption à lower threshold for supplemental oxygen

Circulation

·      Fluid and Colloid resuscitation like standard trauma protocol

·      Uteroplacental vasculature is highly responsive to vasopressors, and their administration may decrease placental perfusion à vasopressors should be avoided unless refractory

·      Avoid supine hypotension: Compression of IVC by the uterus can cause up to 30% reduction in cardiac output à Place in left lateral position or by manual displacement of the uterus while the injured patient is secured in the supine position

·      O-negative blood should be transfused in order to avoid Rh sensitization in Rh-negative women

·      Vital signs: heart rate increases by 15% during pregnancy. Tachycardia and hypotension, typical of hypovolemic shock, may appear late in the pregnant trauma patient because of her increased blood volume.

·      Maternal vital signs and perfusion may be preserved at the expense of uteroplacental perfusion, delaying the occurrence of signs of hypovolemic shock

·      Attempt to obtain supra-diaphragmatic intravenous or intraosseous access for volume resuscitation and medication administration.

FAST

·      The FAST is less sensitive for free fluid in the pregnant patient than in non-pregnant patients.  Sensitivity decreases with increasing gestational age, likely due to altered fluid flow within the abdomen.

·      Management of suspected placental abruption should not be delayed pending confirmation by ultrasonography as ultrasound is not a sensitive tool for its diagnosis.

Secondary survey

·      In cases of vaginal bleeding at or after 23 weeks, speculum or digital vaginal examination should be deferred until placenta previa is excluded by a prior or current ultrasound scan.

Imaging

·      Radiographic studies indicated for maternal evaluation including abdominal computed tomography should not be deferred or delayed due to concerns regarding fetal exposure to radiation.

·      Ionizing radiation has the highest teratogenic potential during the period of organogenesis (5–10 weeks), with an increased risk of miscarriage before this period.

·      With abdominal CT during the third trimester the fetal exposure is around 3.5 rads, which is still under the threshold for fetal damage

·      Contrast agents should be used if indicated.

Resuscitative Hysterotomy in Cardiac Arrest

·      Should begin within 4 minutes and completed within 5 minutes of cardiac arrest

·      Both maternal and fetal survival decrease significantly after 5 minutes

·      Do NOT delay the procedure for the arrival of an obstetrician or neonatologist.

·      Do NOT evaluate for fetal cardiac activity or tocometry.

·      Do NOT prepare a sterile field (but be as clean as possible).

·      Do NOT transport to an alternative location.

·      Performing RH increases maternal cardiac output by 30%.

References:

Tamingthesru.com

EmDocs

Jain, Venu, et al. "Guidelines for the management of a pregnant trauma patient." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 37.6 (2015): 553-571.

Smith, Kurt A., and Suzanne Bryce. "Trauma in the pregnant patient: an evidence-based approach to management." Emergency medicine practice 15.4 (2013): 1-18.