How to use the Reichert Tono-pen AVIA

How to use the Reichert Tono-pen AVIA:

1) Put on the protective cover. Make sure not to make it too tight or too loose.
2) Press the blue button once. You will hear one beep. The green light will turn on and the screen will show a series of dashed lines in the bottom right corner. 

tonoready.png

3) Hold the Tono-pen perpendicularly to the corneal surface. Tap gently and try to avoid wild variations in the pressure you apply between taps. For each tap that is recorded, a number will appear in the bottom right corner. You need 10 in total. The final reading will look like this: 

tonoreading.png

The larger number is your pressure reading. The smaller number is your confidence interval. 

Video on how to use the Tono-pen: https://youtu.be/Hqcf9Ll-pl0 

Notes:

  • The Tono-pen is gravity independent and patient does not have to be any particular position for this to work.

  • If you are using your fingers to spread apart the eyelids, be sure your fingers are on a bony surface and that you are not pressing on the eye itself as this will give you a falsely elevated reading.

Having trouble getting accurate readings with the Tono-pen? Try calibrating it before using:

1) Hold Tono-pen with the tip pointing downwards. Hold down blue button for 5 seconds. You should hear 5 beeps in succession.

2) The display will now show “dn” which is Tono-pen code for “down.” Continue to hold with the tip downwards until the screen changes to “UP.”

3) Quickly and smoothly flip Tono-pen so that the tip is now upwards until the screen says “pass” or “fail.” If it says “pass” then you’re done. If it says “fail” you can repeat the calibration steps above. If it continues to say “fail” after multiple attempts, the device may require servicing.

Tono-pen calibration video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1Mg5Zkr-qE&feature=youtu.be

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UV keratitis

When you see someone chilling on a stretcher with sunglasses on in the middle of south this holiday weekend, they might not just be trying to sleep off the two dozen margaritas they just had.

What is UV keratitis? It’s bilateral eye pain usually 30 min to 12 hours after UV exposure, think of it as a “sunburn” of the eyes. Your patient was lounging on the beach all day Saturday and used a pair of knock-off sunglasses or those free ones they hand out at career fairs. This can also happen in the winter for skiers on a bright sunny day and all that sunlight reflecting off the snow into their eyes. Other sources: tanning beds, arc welding, laboratory UV lights

Pathophysiology: cornea absorbs UV light à epithelial cell death/desquamation à symptoms resolve when corneal epithelium regenerates

Symptoms: conjunctival injection, photophobia, foreign body sensation, inability to open eyes, facial erythema/edema

Exam:

normal or reduced visual acuity

bulbar conjunctival (the covering of the white part of the eye) injection and chemosis with sparing of the palpebral conjunctiva since it is blocked by the eyelids

punctate keratitis on Fluorescein stain!

UV keratitis fluorescein stain.jpg

Rx:

Supportive care, similar to corneal abrasion management

Tell the patient that healing should occur within 24-72 hours

Topical antibiotic ointments => Consider Erythromycin or Polymixin-Bacitracin 3-4 times daily for 2-3 days

Stay away from topical anesthetics, no they cannot take home that bottle of tetracaine you used to numb their eye for the fluorescein exam => Risk of neurotrophic ulceration due to lack of protective reflexes (tearing and blinking)

Refer to Ophthalmologist if persistent signs and symptoms > 72 hours

Sources

https://eyewiki.aao.org/Photokeratitis

https://wikem.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_keratitis

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POTD: Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

POTD: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

 

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) aka pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension

·      rare condition

·      presents with gradual onset and chronic headache, vision changes, nausea, vomiting, and tinnitus

·      + papilledema/ swelling of the optic disc on fundoscopy

potd eye papill.jpg

·      optic sonography

potd us eye.jpg
  • ONSDs should be measured 3 mm behind the papilla, an average of less than 5 mm is considered normal.

  • ONSD > 5 mm has been shown to be 90% sensitive and 85% specific for ICP > 20.

·      Classic presentation: young, obese female

·      + association has been found with this diagnosis and the use of oral contraceptive medications, tetracycline, anabolic steroids, and vitamin A

·      Pathophysiology is not well understood but thought to be caused by an imbalance in CSF production and reabsorption

·      Diagnostic criteria include an alert patient with either a normal neurologic examination or findings consistent with papilledema, visual field defect, or an enlarged blind spot

·      Definitive dx: Lumbar puncture

  • done in a recumbent position reveals an elevated CSF opening pressure of more than 20 mm Hg in an obese patient (normal being up less than 20 mm Hg).

  • normal CSF analysis.

·      CT head may show “slit like” or normal ventricles without mass effect

·      DDx: glaucoma, venous sinus thrombosis, ICH, IC mass.

·      Treatment

  • Repeat LPs  

  • Acetazolamide

  • Surgical shunt if severe and refractory

  • offending agents such as oral contraceptive medications should be discontinued.

·      Permanent loss of vision can occur in up to 10% of patients, and higher if left untreated

 

Sources:

 

  • Dubourg J, Javouhey E, Geeraerts T, Messerer M, Kassai B. Ultrasonography of optic nerve sheath diameter for detection of raised intracranial pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(7):1059-68. [pubmed]

  • Blaivas M, Theodoro D, Sierzenski PR. Elevated intracranial pressure detected by bedside emergency ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10(4):376-81. [PDF]

  • https://www.ultrasoundoftheweek.com/uotw-5-answer/

  • Peer IX

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